CANBERRA, July 21 (Xinhua) -- Australian researchers have developed a new framework to identify effective shark bite prevention amid rising public concern over shark incidents.

The study compares modern and traditional methods to find suitable solutions for the dynamic surf conditions of Queensland's Gold Coast, according to a statement from Flinders University in South Australia on Monday.

Flinders University researchers, working alongside the University of Queensland and state agencies, assess 15 shark bite prevention strategies using 12 criteria, weighing effectiveness alongside social, economic, and environmental impacts.

The study, published in the journal People and Nature under the British Ecological Society, compares lethal methods like nets and drumlines with non-lethal options, including drones, SMART drumlines, sonar, and electronic deterrents.

A SMART (Shark-Management-Alert-in-Real-Time) drumline is a shark mitigation tool that uses a baited hook and satellite alerts to notify authorities in real-time when a shark is caught, aiming to reduce harm to marine life while monitoring shark activity near beaches, according to government officials.

The study finds no single solution effective for all settings, recommending a combined approach of public education, behavior change, and coordinated efforts.

Traditional barriers suit calm waters but not surf zones, while drones are effective and popular. Personal deterrents show promise but need greater public awareness, said the study co-author Charlie Huveneers, Southern Shark Ecology Group Research leader at Flinders University.

Non-lethal alerts and acoustic tagging show promise but need further development and public awareness, while sonar's potential may grow with improved technology, the researchers said.